论榆神府矿区煤炭资源的适度开发问题

从水环境承载力角度论述了榆神府矿区煤炭资源的科学开发规模,认为矿区整体上环境承载力有限,目前开发规模已经达到极限,尤其是窟野河全流域、秃尾河沿岸,在没有彻底解决水资源问题之前,不能再扩大生产规模或新建煤矿。对于现有生产矿井,应逐步淘汰。榆神矿区三、四期规划区除小保当一号煤矿外,停止新建煤矿,实行煤矿数量和产量的双控制,推广保水开采技术,确保区域煤炭工业健康发展。     

A novel coupled biokinetic-equilibrium model to capture oyster metal bioaccumulation in a contaminated estuary (Sydney estuary,Australia)

Enriched concentrations of metal contaminants have been reported in surficial sediments and tissues of aquatic organisms in Sydney estuary, New South Wales, Australia. Dietary ingestion of contaminated, suspended sediments is potentially a major route of metal exposure to the filter-feeder Saccostrea glomerata. A dynamically coupled biokinetic-equilibrium bioaccumulation model was developed to explore sediment-oyster-metal uptake interactions. The biokinetic component simulated the sediment dynamics and oyster uptake and loss kinetics while the ion equilibrium model accounted for the metal speciation reactions. Results of a laboratory-based mesocosm experiment as well as data from the literature were used to parameterise the model. The model demonstrated a good fit of the experimental data and indicated that dissolved and particulate organic matter were important determinants of metal bioavailability to this species. The model served also as a unique tool to formulate testable hypotheses and help to better explain the bioaccumulation patterns observed from the experiment.     

彬长矿区下沟煤矿瓦斯地质规律研究

彬长矿区下沟煤矿开采侏罗系延安组4号煤层,地层倾角较陡,一般在0～18°。依据构造形态及地层倾角变化,将井田内构造分为二部分,南部为倾斜带,北部为平缓起伏带。4煤层为矿井范围内唯一可采煤层,平均厚度16.25 m,煤层对瓦斯赋存起到一定的控制作用,整体的分布规律受井田内单斜控制,在单斜区域瓦斯含量较高,在河岸单斜下盘瓦斯含量较小,单斜及矿井西北部区域为瓦斯绝对涌出量大于15m3/min区、单斜下盘区域为小于5 m3/min区。瓦斯总资源量442.59×104m3,可开发量98.07×104m3,开发前景较好,但目前抽采的瓦斯未得到利用,建议有关部门统筹考虑彬长矿区的瓦斯利用问题。     

上扬子地台北缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相页岩气地质条件及勘探潜力

基于野外露头和钻井岩芯采样分析,对上扬子地台北缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩分布特征、地球化学特征、储层特征、含气性特征及顶底板条件等进行系统研究,并与中国南方地区下寒武统海相页岩展开对比分析,明确页岩气成藏地质条件和勘探潜力。结果表明:上扬子地台北缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩发育且厚度大,具有“四高一中”特点,即高脆性、高总有机碳、高孔隙度、高含气量、适中热演化程度,显示良好的页岩气形成地质条件; 相比中国南方地区下寒武统海相页岩,上扬子地台北缘牛蹄塘组页岩具备足够的生烃物质基础和较高的脆性,并且富有机质页岩厚度大,热演化程度低,孔隙度和含气量高,勘探效果较好; 综合考虑优质页岩的厚度、埋深、保存等条件,认为回军坝—麻柳镇一带是上扬子地台北缘牛蹄塘组海相页岩气下一步勘探的最有利地区。     

大角度斜交地裂缝带盾构隧道变形破坏机制的模型试验研究

地裂缝是西安市最典型的城市地质灾害,其活动对城市地铁建设具有严重威胁,盾构隧道能否应用于地裂缝场地一直是工程界关注的问题。为揭示地裂缝活动对地铁盾构隧道的影响机制,文章以在建西安地铁8号线大角度(θ=75°)穿越地裂缝带为工程背景,基于1∶12几何比尺的物理模型试验并结合数值模拟,对大角度斜交地裂缝带的盾构隧道结构的变形破坏规律进行研究。结果表明：地裂缝错动作用下,大角度穿越地裂缝带的盾构隧道上盘管片拱顶受压、拱底受拉,下盘管片拱顶受拉、拱底受压;盾构隧道纵向整体表现为弯曲 扭动变形,管片衬砌在地裂缝上盘以拱顶内凹变形为主,在下盘以牵引变形为主,地裂缝位置及其附近的管片表现出竖向错动、轴向拉张与挤压以及水平扭转的三向变形特征;当地裂缝位错量达到s=24cm时,盾构隧道出现破坏,其破坏模式以剪切破坏为主,局部存在偏压破坏,且破坏大部分首先出现在螺栓附近;基于盾构隧道的破坏模式和范围提出隧道大角度穿越地裂缝带时的应对措施建议,对于未来100年内地裂缝累积活动量超过s=24cm的场地,地铁建设不宜采用盾构法通过。     

A rapid forecasting method for mountain flood disaster based on machine learning algorithmsEI北大核心CSCD

基于高精度水动力模型与机器学习技术,运用极限随机树(ERT)及KNN算法,构建了高分辨率山洪灾害快速预报模型。利用确定系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差3种指标评估模型的整体可靠性,同时,截取流域出口断面流量验证模型的预报性能。结果表明:所建模型预报结果与水动力模型模拟结果淹没范围基本一致,流域淹没范围平均相对误差低于5%,模型整体稳定可靠;流域出口断面流量平均相对误差低于10%,断面平均水深、流速平均相对误差低于5%,模型预报性能良好;模型可在10s内完成最大淹没情况计算并输出淹没范围图,能为紧急决策提供足够的前置时间,协助决策者更好地采取应对措施。     

上扬子地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩中黄铁矿特征及其地质意义

黄铁矿的研究不仅为沉积、成岩环境的恢复提供依据,也为富有机质页岩的预测提供参考。以上扬子板块3个不同沉积位置钻井（宜昌EYY1井、威远W001-4井、汉中SNY1井）的下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例,通过X射线衍射全岩矿物分析（XRD）、显微镜、扫描电镜和碳硫分析等实验手段对样品及其黄铁矿进行对比研究。研究区样品中黄铁矿主要发育草莓状、立方体自形、条带状及不规则非自形等4种类型。其中草莓状黄铁矿发育最多,其粒径整体较小且变化范围较窄,反映以同沉积成因为主,一般与有机质含量有良好的正相关性,其他类型黄铁矿则可能为成岩成因。3口钻井页岩样品中黄铁矿形貌特征和粒径特征差异显示,SNY1井沉积水体安静、还原性最强,W001-4井和EYY1井沉积水体下部具有贫氧—厌氧环境的转变,其中W001-4井高丰度黄铁矿可能受绵阳—长宁拉张槽热液活动的影响。岩相对黄铁矿含量具有一定的控制作用,硅质页岩和硅质—钙质过渡型页岩比钙质页岩更有利于黄铁矿的形成。黄铁矿对有机孔的发育和保存具有积极影响,有利于页岩储层中天然气的富集和储存。      

Experimental Study on Slope Runoff,Erosion and Sediment under Different Vegetation Types

The relationships between precipitation, vegetation and erosion are important yet unresolved issues in the field of earth surface processes. Vegetation plays an important role in controlling soil erosion. Through field simulated rainfall experiments, we analyzed the characteristics, regulation of, and correlation among the slope rainfall-infiltration-runoff, erosion and sediment under different vegetation types. The results showed that the forest effectively improved soil structure, had stronger runoff and sediment regulation and was influenced less by rainfall intensity than those under other vegetative conditions. In addition, the efficiency and pattern of the regulation of runoff and sediment varied with vegetation types as did the mechanism of action. The soil and water conservation function of forest was water storage and sediment reduction by plant root systems to reduce erosion power, increase infiltration, decrease runoff and reduce flow speed. The function of grassland was direct sediment interception based on surface vegetation canopy for runoff and sediment regulation. The root contribution to runoff and sediment reduction was relatively greater than the shoot contribution under forest conditions, whereas, the effect of shoots and roots on soil loss was almost equivalent under grassland conditions. The different spatial structures of vegetation affected runoff and sediment regulation in different ways, and plant root systems were crucial for soil and water conservation. The cumulative sediment yield of the slopes increased as a statistically significant power function of cumulative runoff. The coefficient and curve shape of function were dependent on vegetation type, soil properties, rainfall intensity and surface roughness. The process of slope runoff and sediment was divided into development, active and stable stages. These stages correlated with each other to constitute a complete rainfall-runoff and erosion-sediment process, which exhibited their own features at each stage. This study furthers understanding of the relationships between vegetation, soil erosion and precipitation.     

东昆仑高压变质带榴辉岩和榴闪岩地球化学特征及形成动力学背景

大陆造山带的高压—超高压变质带是古板块汇聚边界及古大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞造山的重要标志,榴辉岩作为高压变质作用形成的岩石,历来被广为关注。根据近几年东昆仑新发现的加当、苏海图、温泉、浪木日上游、宗加、五龙沟西（大格勒）等榴辉岩及榴闪岩,厘定出一条超过500 km的高压变质带,它是青藏高原北部一条重要的古板块接合带。在野外调查基础上,综合大量前人资料,从岩相学、矿物学及岩石地球化学等方面对东昆仑榴辉岩进行了系统的分析和研究。结果表明:东昆仑高压变质带榴辉岩可分为两种类型,即榴辉岩和退变质榴辉岩;石榴石矿物化学成分均表明榴辉岩为C型;榴辉岩主要为拉斑玄武岩系列,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式均为轻稀土元素富集型,主要介于富集型洋中脊玄武岩（E-MORB）与正常型洋中脊玄武岩（N-MORB）之间,原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图基本一致,显示出洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）特征;榴辉岩、榴闪岩温压条件近于一致,形成压力介于1.2~2.0 GPa或更高,温度不小于575 ℃,具有一个顺时针“发卡”型P-T轨迹,其变质峰期温压达到榴辉岩相;峰期变质年龄出现3个明显峰值,分别为451、432、412 Ma,432 Ma主峰期变质年龄约束了东昆仑早古生代洋盆关闭时间。